The three-year monitoring of 18 elements in five edible mushroom species collected from an old orchard

Abstract

The content of Al, As, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms Calocybe gambosa, Entoloma clypeatum, Entoloma saepium, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, and Amanita rubescens growing in an orchard planted with fruit trees and situated close to a high-grown forest was studied during years 2016–2018. A. rubescens showed the highest potential of the element accumulation with bioconcentration factors of 48.5, 16.2, 7.80, 6.53, 1.75, and 1.68 obtained for Rb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Mg, respectively. Both Entoloma species accumulated the elements similarly with bioconcentration factors >1.0 obtained for Rb, Cu, Cd, and Mg. Bioconcentration factors <0.05 were obtained for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb in all studied species. The contents of beryllium (<0.1?mg/kg dry matter) were always the lowest among the studied elements. The contents of some elements of studied mushroom species significantly fluctuated over the years. Despite the fact that some studied elements (As, Be, Cd, Pb, Ni) are considerably toxic for humans, the pronounced effect on health is not expected if the studied mushroom species are consumed occasionally and do not represent the main component of the diet.     

When females should contest for food – testing hypotheses about resource density, distribution, size, and quality with Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)

Predictions of ecological models on female social relationships (van Schaik 1989) and their links with food distribution and the potential competitive regime are used to analyze the feeding and spatial behavior, and resource density, size, distribution, and quality in a forest population of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). In contrast to other populations, and assumptions on folivorous primates, the females of this population exhibit a linear dominance hierarchy. The langurs concentrated their feeding on three key resources with a low density and clumped distribution. Two out of the three key resources contained significantly higher levels of extractable protein and soluble sugar than other food plants, indicating high spatial variability of food quality. Even the mature leaves of the most preferred food plant were about twice as nutritious as those from other food plants. Group spread was small and only a single high-quality resource was used at a time. Finally, even rich resources could accommodate only a subset of a group. These findings fit predictions made for the prevalence of within-group contest competition. Given the observed food distribution and phytochemical heterogeneity of mature foliage, even females of folivorous species should contest for food. The effect of female dominance rank on size and composition of feeding parties also agrees with this prediction. A comparison with data from another forest population, where female dominance relations are weakly developed, revealed a clear-cut difference in the use and abundance of resources. It is argued that between-population differences in female social relationships within a species may be viewed as adaptive responses to local habitat conditions. Received: 1 August 1997 / Accepted after revision: 7 December 1997     

土地资源永续利用的生态经济对策

土地资源是人类赖以生存的最基本的自然资源,土地资源的永续利用是实现社会、经济和生态全面可持续发展的基础。本文在分析土地资源利用特点,土地资源永续利用的内涵、原则与指南的基础上,提出了实现土地资源永续利用的一系列生态经济对策。     

Attitudes About Recreation, Environmental Problems, and Estuarine Health Along the New Jersey Shore, USA

/ Management of ecosystems has advanced by an improvement in our understanding not only of how ecosystems function, but of how people perceive their functioning and what they consider to be environmental problems within those systems. Central to such management is understanding how people view estuaries. In this article I explore the perceptions and attitudes of people about coastal recreation, environmental problems, and future land use along the New Jersey shore (USA) by interviewing people who attended a duck decoy and craft show on Barnegat Bay. The people who were interviewed engaged in more days of fishing than any other recreational activity and engaged in camping the least. There were significant differences in recreational rates as a function of gender and location of residence, with men hunting and fishing more than women and photographing less than women. Jet skis were perceived as the most severe environmental problem, with chemical pollution, junk, oil runoff and overfishing as second level problems. Birds were perceived as not an environmental problem at all. Fishing, hiking, preservation, and camping ranked as the highest preferred future land uses for the two sites examined (Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Naval Weapons Station Earle). The preferred future land uses for these two sites, which are not under consideration for land-use changes, were very similar to those of people living near the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina, despite the media attention and considerations of nuclear storage.KEY WORDS: Recreation; Perceptions; Environmental problem; Gender; Land use; Coastal     

福建省农业自然资源持续利用探讨

本文分析了福建省农业自然资源利用中存在的突出问题及其形成原因,并根据持续发展新模式提出了持续利用的对策。     

不同土地利用类型土壤重金属生态风险与人体健康风险

采集龙口市北部平原区5种土地利用类型表层土壤,检测5种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和As)的含量.在初步了解土壤重金属污染状况的基础上,利用调整评估阈值以后的Hakanson潜在生态风险评价模型和修正参数后的健康评估模型,评价该区由土壤重金属引起的潜在生态风险和对人体健康带来的风险.结果表明,本研究中的5种重金属含量均超过背景值;Cd元素的潜在生态风险高而复杂,在水浇地、果园和裸地中主要为二级风险,城市工业用地和采矿用地以重度风险为主,As元素在每种地类中一级和二级风险基本相当,其余3种重金属各地类的轻微风险面积占比都在70%以上; 5种元素的综合生态风险在除裸地外的地类中多为三级风险,城市工业用地及采矿用地四级风险的面积占比相对较大;该区5种土壤重金属对人体健康存在非致癌和致癌风险,成人和儿童由Pb元素引起的非致癌风险以经口摄入为主要途径,且致癌重金属As对这两类人群的致癌风险的暴露途径亦是经口摄入.     

基于分形维数的长汀县土地利用动态变化

以福建省长汀县为研究区域,基于遥感和GIS技术的支持,对研究区2000年、2009年、2016年的土地利用结构及分形动态进行分析。研究表明：经过多年的治理工作,长汀县的土地覆被情况有了很大的改善,林地面积不断增加,裸地面积持续减少。各土地利用斑块形态具有明显的分形特征,2000?—?2009年,耕地、建设用地分维值呈增加趋势,空间形态趋于不规则;林地、裸地和水域分维值减少,空间形态趋于规则。2009?—?2016年,耕地、裸地和水域斑块分维值呈上升趋势,空间形态趋于不规则;而林地和建设用地斑块分维值趋于下降,空间形态趋于规则。总体上土地利用分维值仍有增大的趋向,土地斑块的稳定度趋于下降。土地利用的复杂性和稳定性受到人为因素影响强烈,合理协调人地关系,避免治理成效出现反复,仍然是水土流失区治理的关键。     

袁河流域不同土地利用方式下河流浮游细菌群落结构特征

于2018年8月采集袁河上游至下游的16个采样点表层水样,基于高通量测序技术分析土地利用方式下河流浮游细菌群落特征并对比土地利用与水化学指标对浮游细菌群落的影响差异.结果表明：①袁河优势浮游细菌群落为变形菌门（Proteobacteria,35.17%）,放线菌门（Actinobacteria,33.99%）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,17.59%）,其中Bacteroidetes丰度随流向显著降低;②受农田和建设用地增加的影响,袁河上、下游河段细菌群落多样性均随流向呈升高趋势;中游河段浮游细菌群落多样性由于湖库滞留作用明显下降;③水域和林地是土地利用方式中最佳组合因子,土地利用方式显著影响浮游细菌群落,两者相关系数为0.4797,土地利用方式对浮游细菌群落的方差解释量为31.3%;④土地利用方式对浮游细菌群落的影响大小与水化学指标相近,同时存在土地利用方式与水化学的交叉影响（方差解释量为10.9%）,表明在袁河浮游细菌群落的形成中,质量效应与物种分选机制并存.本研究表明,在河流浮游细菌研究中要重视流域土地利用方式造成的外源细菌输入差异,以及土地利用方式输入的不同水化学成分对浮游细菌的分选作用.     

厦门市土地利用及氮负荷变化研究

高强度的人类活动改变了城市土地利用方式和城市内氮素循环,但城市土地利用变化如何影响城市氮负荷时空变化的研究仍缺乏.本研究以厦门市为例,基于物质平衡的城市氮流动估算方法,分析了2005—2010、2010—2015年两个时间段内厦门市土地利用及氮负荷的时空演变特征及土地利用变化对氮负荷的影响.结果表明:2005—2010、2010—2015年期间城市各土地利用类型中工业、居民区及交通用地面积增加最为显著,占总面积的比例从16.9%增加到30.3%,而林地和其他类型面积的比例从53.78%下降至38.01%.大量农林地转变为工业和交通用地,导致单位面积氮负荷强度分别增加了10倍和25倍.城镇居民用地、交通用地等氮排放强度较高的土地利用类型不断扩张,造成城市中活性氮排放增加了2.1倍.同时,土地利用的空间格局也影响着城市氮负荷的空间变化特征,氮排放热点在空间上逐渐向岛外扩张,且强度也随之增加.     

土地利用转型背景下的乡村景观格局演变响应——基于草堂溪流域的样带分析

研究山区土地利用转型背景下乡村景观格局演变与转型,对山区现代化农业可持续发展和景观格局优化具有一定的指导意义。以三峡库区草堂溪流域为研究对象,利用ArcGIS 10.2和Fragstats 4.2软件,采用样带梯度分析结合景观格局分析方法,基于地形和社会经济因素,分别在河谷地区和山地丘陵地区设置5条样带,对研究区2000—2018年不同方向样带上景观格局梯度演变和驱动机制进行分析比较。结果表明：（1）景观类型整体变化幅度大致可分为较稳定型、逐年递减型和波动递增型,且景观转型的重点主要体现在耕地收缩、果园扩张和林地恢复性增长。（2）2000—2018年,研究区河谷地区的景观类型逐渐多样化,土地利用集聚,呈现空间集约化;而山地丘陵地区景观类型逐渐单一化,林地恢复。整体上由生产型景观格局转型成生态经济型、生态调节型为主的景观格局。（3）社会经济发展和政府政策导向等因素导致研究区内土地利用发生转型,在土地利用转型背景下的乡村景观格局也发生了相应的转变。研究结果可为类似山区土地资源的合理利用、生态治理和乡村振兴提供借鉴价值。